亚洲地区黑碳气溶胶外场在线观测研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 黑碳气溶胶是化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物之一, 不仅影响着空气质量和人体健康, 还通过吸收太阳辐射改变辐照平衡从而影响区域乃至全球气候。亚洲地区作为世界七大洲中人口最多、面积最广的地区, 黑碳气溶胶排放量占全球排放量二分之一以上。对当前黑碳气溶胶观测所用主要仪器与方法, 以及亚洲地区从上世纪九十年代至今有关黑碳气溶胶的观测结果进行了系统性总结。通过总结发现亚洲地区大气黑碳浓度分布特征与人口分布特征相一致, 中国地区黑碳浓度分界线与胡焕庸线大致吻合, 佐证了黑碳主要受人为活动影响的结论；并进一步分析了亚洲地区黑碳排放来源及影响因素,以及黑碳光学性质的最新研究成果；最后总结了当前研究中存在的不足, 并对黑碳气溶胶未来研究方向提出了展望。

关键词: 黑碳；观测, 浓度, 光学特性, 亚洲

Abstract: Black carbon aerosol is an important product from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, which can not only affect air quality and human health, but also alter the radiation balance by absorbing solar radiation, thus influencing regional and global climate. As the most populous and extensive region of the world′s seven continents, Asia accounts for more than half of global emissions of black carbon. This work systematically summarizes the main measurement techniques and instruments available for atmospheric black carbon as well as the major findings in Asia since the 1990s. The results show that the spatial distribution of black carbon concentrations in Asia is consistent with that of the population, and the boundary of the distribution of black carbon concentrations in China roughly overlaps with the Hu Huanyong line, which supports the fact that black carbon is mainly governed by anthropogenic activities. This work further shows the sources and influencing factors of black carbon in Asia, as well as its optical properties. Finally, the shortcomings of current studies and future research needs regarding black carbon are discussed.

Key words: black carbon, observation, concentration, optical property, Asia

中图分类号:

X513
X-1

先久坤, 崔世杰, 张运江, 盖鑫磊∗. 亚洲地区黑碳气溶胶外场在线观测研究进展[J]. 大气与环境光学学报, 2022, 17(1): 104-124.

XIAN Jiukun, CUI Shijie, ZHANG Yunjiang, GE Xinlei∗. Field measurements of atmospheric black carbon aerosols in Asia: A revie[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2022, 17(1): 104-124.

参考文献 150

[1]	Ramanathan V, Chung C, Kim D, et al. Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle
[J]	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005, 102(15): 5326-5333.
[2]	Rosenfeld D. TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall [J]. Geophysical Research
	Letters, 1999, 26(20): 3105-3108.
[3]	Li C L, Bosch C, Kang S, et al. Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau glaciers [J]. Nature Communications,
20	16, 7(1): 1-7.
[4]	Menon S, Hansen J, Nazarenko L, et al. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India [J]. Science, 2002,
29	7(5590): 2250-2253.
[5]	Bai Z P, Cai B B, Dong H Y, et al. Health effects of haze [J]. Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 28(3): 198-201.
	白志鹏, 蔡斌彬, 董海燕, 等. 灰霾的健康效应 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2006, 28(3): 198-201.
[6]	Tao J, Zhu L H, Han J L, et al. Preliminary study on characteristics of black carbon aerosol pollution in Guangzhou during the
	spring of 2007 [J]. Climatic & Environmental Research, 2008, 13(5): 76-80.
	陶俊, 朱李华, 韩静磊, 等. 2007 年春季广州城区黑碳气溶胶污染特征的初步研究 [J]. 气候与环境研究, 2008, 13(5)：
76	-80.
[7]	Tang X Y, Zhang Y H, Shao M. Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry-Second Edition [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,
20	06: 548-550.
	唐孝炎, 张远航, 邵敏. 大气环境化学-第 2 版 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版, 2006: 548-550.
[8]	Streets D G, Gupta S, Waldhoff S T, et al. Black carbon emissions in China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(25):
42	81-4296.
[9]	Paliwal U, Sharma M, Burkhart J F. Monthly and spatially resolved black carbon emission inventory of India: Uncertainty
	analysis [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(19): 12457-12476.
[10]	Hoesly R M, Smith S J, Feng L Y, et al. Historical (1750—2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from
	the community emissions data system (CEDS) [J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2018, 11(1): 369-408.
[11]	Lee Y H, Lamarque J F, Flanner M G, et al. Evaluation of preindustrial to present-day black carbon and its albedo forcing from
	atmospheric chemistry and climate model intercomparison project (ACCMIP) [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,
13	(5): 2607-2634.
[12]	Tang J, Wen Y P, Zhou L X, et al. Observational study of black carbon in clean air area of western China [J]. Journal of Applies
	Meteorological Science, 1999, 10(2): 160-170.
	汤洁, 温玉璞, 周凌晞, 等. 中国西部大气清洁地区黑碳气溶胶的观测研究 [J]. 应用气象学报, 1999, 10(2): 160-170.
[13]	Bergstrom R W, Pilewskie P, Russell P B, et al. Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols [J]. Atmospheric
	Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 7(23): 5937-5943.
[14]	Bond T C, Bergstrom R W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review [J]. Aerosol Science and
	Technology, 2006, 40(1): 27-67.
[15]	Schwarz J P, Gao R S, Fahey D W, et al. Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering
	aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2006, 111(D16):
	D16207.
[16]	Medalia A I, Heckman F A. Morphology of aggregates-II. Size and shape factors of carbon black aggregates from electron
	microscopy [J]. Carbon, 1969, 7(5): 567-582.
[17]	Fung K. Particulate carbon speciation by MnO2 oxidation [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1990, 12(1): 122-127.
[18]	Haynes B S, Wagner H G. Soot formation [J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1981, 7(4): 229-273.
[19]	Petzold A, Ogren J A, Fiebig M, et al. Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(16): 8365-8379.
[20]	Schill G P, DeMott P J, Emerson E W, et al. The contribution of black carbon to global ice nucleating particle concentrations
	relevant to mixed-phase clouds [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020, 117(37): 22705-22711.
[21]	China S, Mazzoleni C, Gorkowski K, et al. Morphology and mixing state of individual freshly emitted wildfire carbonaceous
	particles [J]. Nature communications, 2013, 4: 2122.
[22]	Hong J, Moon H, Kim J, et al. Differentiation of carbon black from black carbon using a ternary plot based on elemental
	analysis [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 264: 128511.
[23]	Wang J F, Wu Y Z, Ge X L, et al. Characteristics and sources of ambient refractory black carbon aerosols: Insights from soot
	particle aerosol mass spectrometer [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 185: 147-152.
[24]	Pino-Cortes E, D ´ ´ıaz-Robles L A, Cubillos F, et al. The black carbon dispersion in the Southern Hemisphere and its transport
	and fate to Antarctica, an Anthropocene evidence for climate change policies [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 778:
14	6242.
[25]	Kong Q X, Jiang C M, Ng A K Y. The economic impacts of restricting black carbon emissions on cargo shipping in the Polar
	code area [J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2021, 147: 159-176.
[26]	Zhang Y L, Schnelle-Kreis J, Abbaszade G, et al. Source apportionment of elemental carbon in Beijing, China: Insights from
	radiocarbon and organic marker measurements [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 49(14): 8408-8415.
[27]	Willis M D, Healy R M, Riemer N, et al. Quantification of black carbon mixing state from traffic: Implications for aerosol
	optical properties [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(7): 4693-4706.
[28]	Bond T C, Doherty S J, Fahey D W, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment [J].
	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118(11): 5380-5552.
[29]	Huang H, Li S C, Cao J J, et al. Progress of sampling and analysis of aerosol organic and elemental carbon [J]. Journal of
	Analytical Science, 2006, 22(2): 225-229.
	黄虹, 李顺诚, 曹军骥, 等. 大气气溶胶中有机碳和元素碳监测方法的进展 [J]. 分析科学学报, 2006, 22(2): 225-229.
[30]	Weingartner E, Saathoff H, Schnaiter M, et al. Absorption of light by soot particles: Determination of the absorption coefficient
	by means of aethalometers [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2003, 34(10): 1445-1463.
[31]	Drinovec L, Mocnik G, Zotter P, ˇ et al. The “dual-spot” Aethalometer: An improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with
	real-time loading compensation [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015, 8(5): 1965-1979.
[32]	Ren D Y, Zhou Y, Wu G R, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric extinction and its relationship with fine particulate matter
	chemical composition in a polluted background at a suburban site in Hong Kong in winter [J]. Geochimica, 2021, 50(1): 12-21.
	任丹阳, 周杨, 吴冠儒, 等. 香港郊区站点冬季污染背景下气溶胶消光特征及其与细颗粒物化学组成关系 [J]. 地球化学,
20	21, 50(1): 12-21.
[33]	Slowik J G, Cross E S, Han J H, et al. An inter-comparison of instruments measuring black carbon content of soot particles
[J]	Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, 41(3): 295-314.
[34]	Petzold A, Schonlinner M. Multi-angle absorption photometry—a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption ¨
	and atmospheric black carbon [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2004, 35(4): 421-441.
[35]	Virkkula A, Makel ¨ a T, Hillamo R, ¨ et al. A simple procedure for correcting loading effects of aethalometer data [J]. Journal of
	the Air & Waste Management Association, 2007, 57(10): 1214-1222.
[36]	Onasch T B, Trimborn A, Fortner E C, et al. Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: Development, validation, and initial
	application [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012, 46(7): 804-817.
[37]	Huang X F, Gao R S, Schwarz J P, et al. Black carbon measurements in the Pearl River Delta region of China [J]. Journal of
	Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D12): D12208.
[38]	Sun T L, He L Y, Zeng L W, et al. Black carbon measurement during Beijing Paralympic Games [J]. China Environmental
	Science, 2012, 32(12): 2123-2127.
	孙天乐, 何凌燕, 曾立武, 等. 2008 北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(12):
21	23-2127.
[39]	Cimini D, De Angelis F, Dupont J C, et al. Mixing layer height retrievals by multichannel microwave radiometer observations
[J]	Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2013, 6(11): 2941-2951.
[40]	Sandradewi J, Prev ´ ot A S H, Weingartner E, ˆ et al. A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a
	multi-wavelength aethalometer [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(1): 101-112.
[41]	Blanco-Alegre C, Calvo A I, Coz E, et al. Quantification of source specific black carbon scavenging using an aethalometer and
	a disdrometer [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 246: 336-345.
[42]	Kirchstetter T W, Novakov T, Hobbs P V. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by
	organic carbon [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D21): D21208.
[43]	Qin S G, Tang J, Shi G Y, et al. Observational study of black carbon at Wenjiang, Sichuan Province [J]. Acta Scientiae
	Circumstantiae, 2007, 27(8): 1370-1376.
	秦世广, 汤洁, 石广玉, 等. 四川温江黑碳气溶胶浓度观测研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2007, 27(8): 1370-1376.
[44]	Ran L, Deng Z Z, Wang P C, et al. Black carbon and wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in the North China Plain based
	on two-year aethalometer measurements [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 142: 132-144.
[45]	Wang Y Q, De Foy B, Schauer J J, et al. Impacts of regional transport on black carbon in Huairou, Beijing, China [J].
	Environmental Pollution, 2017, 221: 75-84.
[46]	Liu Y, Yan C, Zheng M. Source apportionment of black carbon during winter in Beijing [J]. Science of the Total Environment,
20	18, 618: 531-541.
[47]	Qi M Y, Wang L T, Zhang C Y, et al. Variation of black carbon aerosol concentration and its influencing factors in Handan,
	Hebei Province [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018, 38(5): 1751-1758.
	齐孟姚, 王丽涛, 张城瑜, 等. 邯郸市黑碳气溶胶浓度变化及影响因素分析 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2018, 38(5): 1751-1758.
[48]	Yao Q, Cai Z Y, Han S Q, et al. Observational and analysis of black carbon aerosol in the autumn and winter in Tianjin [J].
	Environmental Chemistry, 2012, 31(3): 324-329.
	姚青, 蔡子颖, 韩素芹, 等. 天津城区秋冬季黑碳气溶胶观测与分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2012, 31(3): 324-329.
[49]	Zhang C H, Cheng X H, Zhao T L, et al. Impact of meteorological conditions on high black carbon concentrations in urban
	area of Beijing in different seasons [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2017, 37(6): 2255-2264.
	张宸赫, 程兴宏, 赵天良, 等. 不同季节气象条件对北京城区高黑碳浓度变化的影响 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2017, 37(6):
22	55-2264.
[50]	Liu X, Kong S F, Zheng S R, et al. Levels and sources of black carbon around the spring festival at a rural site of the North
	China Plain [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(8): 3169-3177.
	刘玺, 孔少飞, 郑淑睿, 等. 春节前后华北平原农村地区黑碳浓度及来源 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(8): 3169-3177.
[51]	Zhang L, Shen F Z, Gao J, et al. Characteristics and potential sources of black carbon particles in suburban Nanjing, China [J].
	Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020, 11(5): 981-991.
[52]	Jing A K, Zhu B, Ding D P, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon in the Yangtze River Delta Region
	of China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(9): 3585-3594.
	井安康, 朱彬, 丁德平, 等. 中国长江三角洲地区黑碳特征和来源分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(9): 3585-3594.
[53]	Xiao X Z, Liu P F, Geng F H, et al. Comparison of black carbon aerosols in urban and suburban areas of Shanghai [J]. Journal
	of Applied Meteorological Science, 2011, 22(2): 158-168.
	肖秀珠, 刘鹏飞, 耿福海, 等. 上海市区和郊区黑碳气溶胶的观测对比 [J]. 应用气象学报, 2011, 22(2): 158-168.
[54]	Xu C, Shen J D, Ye H, et al. Characteristics and source of black carbon aerosol pollution in Hangzhou [J]. China Environmental
	Science, 2014, 34(12): 3026-3033.
	徐昶, 沈建东, 叶辉, 等. 杭州黑碳气溶胶污染特性及来源研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(12): 3026-3033.
[55]	Wang J F, Ge X L, Chen Y, et al. Highly time-resolved urban aerosol characteristics during springtime in Yangtze River
	Delta, China: Insights from soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(14):
91	09-9127.
[56]	Zhuang B L, Wang T J, Liu J, et al. Continuous measurement of black carbon aerosol in urban Nanjing of Yangtze River Delta,
	China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 89: 415-424.
[57]	Ding M, Zou Q, Ge S, et al. Study on atmospheric black carbon aerosols concentration in Suzhou City [J]. Environmental
	Monitoring in China, 2014, 30(6): 67-71.
	丁铭, 邹强, 葛顺, 等. 苏州市黑碳气溶胶的污染特征分析 [J]. 中国环境监测, 2014, 30(6): 67-71.
[58]	Zhao J H, Wang Y T, Huang C, et al. The analysis on the monthly variation characteristics of the air trajectory of Wuhan
	area on basis of the mass concentration of BC [J]. DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences, 2018
	International Conference on Power, Energy and Environmental Engineering.
[59]	Gong W, Zhang T H, Zhu Z, et al. Characteristics of PM1:0, PM2:5, and PM10, and their relation to black carbon in Wuhan,
	Central China [J]. Atmosphere, 2015, 6(9): 1377-1387.
[60]	Lyu X P, Chen N, Guo H, et al. Chemical characteristics and causes of airborne particulate pollution in warm seasons in
	Wuhan, central China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(16): 10671-10687.
[61]	Deng W J, Zheng H L, Tsui A K Y, et al. Measurement and health risk assessment of PM2:5, flame retardants, carbonyls and
	black carbon in indoor and outdoor air in kindergartens in Hong Kong [J]. Environment International, 2016, 96: 65-74.
[62]	Chen X C, Zhang Z S, Engling G, et al. Characterization of fine particulate black carbon in Guangzhou, a megacity of South
	China [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2014, 5(3): 361-370.
[63]	Huang X F, Sun T L, Zeng L W, et al. Black carbon aerosol characterization in a coastal city in South China using a single
	particle soot photometer [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 51: 21-28.
[64]	Wu D, Wu C, Liao B, et al. Black carbon over the South China Sea and in various continental locations in South China [J].
	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(24): 12257-12270.
[65]	Lin W W, Dai J J, Liu R, et al. Integrated assessment of health risk and climate effects of black carbon in the Pearl River Delta
	region, China [J]. Environmental Research, 2019, 176: 108522.
[66]	Chen H Z, Wu D, Liao B T, et al. Comparison of black carbon concentration variation between Dongguan and Maofengshan
[J]	China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(4): 605-612.
	陈慧忠, 吴兑, 廖碧婷, 等. 东莞与帽峰山黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征的对比 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2013, 33(4): 605-612.
[67]	Cheng D, Wu C, Wu D, et al. Comparative study on the characteristics of black carbon aerosol in urban and suburban areas of
	Shenzhen [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(5): 1653-1662.
	程丁, 吴晟, 吴兑, 等. 深圳市城区和郊区黑碳气溶胶对比研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(5): 1653-1662.
[68]	Cao J J, Zhu C S, Chow J C, et al. Black carbon relationships with emissions and meteorology in Xi′an, China [J]. Atmospheric
	Research, 2009, 94(2): 194-202.
[69]	Xu J Z, Shi J, Zhang Q, et al. Wintertime organic and inorganic aerosols in Lanzhou, China: Sources, processes, and comparison with the results during summer [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(23): 14937-14957.
[70]	Ao Y, Dong X, Fan X L, et al. Charateristics and source analysis of black carbon in PM2:5 and PM10 of Guiyang City, China
	during autumn-winter period [J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2020, 42(11): 1345-1349.
	敖娅, 董娴, 范雪璐, 等. 贵阳市秋冬季 PM2:5 与 PM10 中黑碳浓度特征及来源分析 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2020, 42(11):
13	45-1349.
[71]	Li Y J, Zhang L, Cao X J, et al. Property of black carbon concentration over urban and suburban of Lanzhou [J]. China
	Environmental Science, 2014, 34(6): 1397-1403.
	李燕军, 张镭, 曹贤洁, 等. 兰州城市和远郊区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(6): 1397-1403.
[72]	Sun H H, Ni C J, Cui L. Characteristics of black carbon aerosol pollution in Chengdu and the relationship between meteorological factors [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(6): 119-124.
	孙欢欢, 倪长健, 崔蕾. 成都市黑碳气溶胶污染特征及与气象因子的关系 [J]. 环境工程, 2016, 34(6): 119-124.
[73]	Zhang L, Zhang L,Zhang D L, et al. Property of black carbon concentration over outskirts of Lanzhou, Northwest China [J].
	China Environmental Science, 2011, 31(8): 1248-1255.
	张磊, 张镭, 张丁玲, 等. 兰州远郊区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2011, 31(8), 1248-1255.
[74]	Zhong J, Zhai C Z, Yu J Y, et al. Concentration characteristics of black carbon aerosol and its impact factors in Chongqing
	core area [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(2): 805-810.
	钟杰, 翟崇治, 余家燕, 等. 重庆市核心区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征以及影响因素分析 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(2):
80	5-810.
[75]	Saleh R, Robinson E S, Tkacik D S, et al. Brownness of organics in aerosols from biomass burning linked to their black carbon
	content [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2014, 7(9): 647-650.
[76]	Arif M, Kumar R, Kumar R, et al. Assessment of indoor & outdoor black carbon emissions in rural areas of Indo-Gangetic
	Plain: Seasonal characteristics, source apportionment and radiative forcing [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 191: 227-240.
[77]	Dumka U C, Kaskaoutis D G, Tiwari S, et al. Assessment of biomass burning and fossil fuel contribution to black carbon
	concentrations in Delhi during winter [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 194: 93-109.
[78]	Gupta P, Singh S P, Jangid A, et al. Characterization of black carbon in the ambient air of Agra, India: Seasonal variation and
	meteorological influence [J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2017, 34(9): 1082-1094.
[79]	Rajesh T A, Ramachandran S. Black carbon aerosols over urban and high altitude remote regions: Characteristics and radiative
	implications [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 194: 110-122.
[80]	Rehman I H, Ahmed T, Praveen P S, et al. Black carbon emissions from biomass and fossil fuels in rural India [J]. Atmospheric
	Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(14): 7289-7299.
[81]	Singh S, Tiwari S, Hopke P K, et al. Ambient black carbon particulate matter in the coal region of Dhanbad, India [J]. Science
	of the Total Environment, 2018, 615: 955-963.
[82]	Srivastava S, Kumar M, Singh R S, et al. Long-term observation of black carbon aerosols at an urban location over the central
	Indo-Gangetic Plain, South Asia [J]. Atmosfera ´ , 2019, 32(2): 95-113.
[83]	Reddy B S K, Kumar K R, Balakrishnaiah G, et al. Potential source regions contributing to seasonal variations of black carbon
	aerosols over Anantapur in Southeast India [J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2012, 12(3): 344-358.
[84]	Lalchandani V, Kumar V, Tobler A, et al. Real-time characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the
	Delhi megacity area during late winter [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 770: 145324.
[85]	Husain L, Dutkiewicz V A, Khan A J, et al. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in urban air [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(32): 6872-6883.
[86]	Dutkiewicz V A, Alvi S, Ghauri B M, et al. Black carbon aerosols in urban air in South Asia [J]. Atmospheric Environment,
20	09, 43(10): 1737-1744.
[87]	Seneviratne M C S, Waduge V A, Hadagiripathira L, et al. Characterization and source apportionment of particulate pollution
	in Colombo, Sri Lanka [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2011, 2(2): 207-212.
[88]	Alas H D, Muller T, Birmili W, ¨ et al. Spatial characterization of black carbon mass concentration in the atmosphere of a
	southeast Asian megacity: An air quality case study for Metro Manila, Philippines [J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,
20	18, 18(9): 2301-2317.
[89]	Pani S K, Wang S H, Lin N H, et al. Black carbon over an urban atmosphere in northern peninsular Southeast Asia: Characteristics, source apportionment, and associated health risks [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 259: 113871.
[90]	Putero D, Cristofanelli P, Marinoni A, et al. Seasonal variation of ozone and black carbon observed at Paknajol, an urban site
	in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 15(24): 13957-13971.
[91]	Kanaya Y, Pan X, Miyakawa T, et al. Long-term observations of black carbon mass concentrations at Fukue Island, western
	Japan, during 2009–2015: Constraining wet removal rates and emission strengths from East Asia [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry
	and Physics, 2016, 16(16): 10689-10705.
[92]	Kanaya Y, Yamaji K, Miyakawa T, et al. Rapid reduction in black carbon emissions from China: Evidence from 2009–2019
	observations on Fukue Island, Japan [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(11): 6339-6356.
[93]	Liu J W, Andersson A, Zhong G, et al. Isotope constraints of the strong influence of biomass burning to climate-forcing black
	carbon aerosols over Southeast Asia [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 744: 140359.
[94]	Cui S J, Xian J K, Shen F Z, et al. One-Year real-time measurement of black carbon in the rural area of Qingdao, Northeastern
	China: Seasonal variations, meteorological effects, and the COVID-19 case analysis [J]. Atmosphere, 2021, 12(3): 394.
[95]	Pani S K, Ou-Yang C F, Wang S H, et al. Relationship between long-range transported atmospheric black carbon and carbon
	monoxide at a high-altitude background station in East Asia [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 210: 86-99.
[96]	Chen X T, Kang S C, Cong Z Y, et al. Concentration, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon in the Mt. Everest region
	retrieved by real-time observation and simulation [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018, 18(17): 12859-12875.
[97]	Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen M, et al. First chemical characterization of refractory black carbon aerosols and associated coatings
	over the Tibetan Plateau (4730 m asl) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(24): 14072-14082.
[98]	Du L, Meng X Y, Li G, et al. Preliminary analysis of concentration variations of black carbon [J]. Environmental Monitoring
	in China, 2013, 29(5): 69-72.
	杜丽, 孟晓艳, 李钢, 等. 西沙永兴岛黑碳浓度特征初探 [J]. 中国环境监测, 2013, 29(5): 69-72.
[99]	Wan X, Kang S, Wang Y, et al. Size distribution of carbonaceous aerosols at a high-altitude site on the central Tibetan Plateau
	(Nam Co Station, 4730 m asl) [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2015, 153: 155-164.
[100]	Dumka U C, Moorthy K K, Kumar R, et al. Characteristics of aerosol black carbon mass concentration over a high altitude
	location in the Central Himalayas from multi-year measurements [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2010, 96(4): 510-521.
[101]	Choi Y, Kanaya Y, Park S M, et al. Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations
	over East Asia: assessment of representativeness for black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventories [J].
	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(1): 83-98.
[102]	Panicker A S, Park S H, Lee D I, et al. Observations of black carbon characteristics and radiative forcing over a global
	atmosphere watch supersite in Korea [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 77: 98-104.
[103]	Bloom D E, Canning D, Malaney P N. Population dynamics and economic growth in Asia [J]. Population and Development
	Review, 2000, 26: 257-290.
[104]	Qi W, Liu S H, Zhao M F. Study on the stability of Hu Line and different spatial patterns of population growth on its both
	sides [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4): 551-566.
	戚伟, 刘盛和, 赵美风. “胡焕庸线”的稳定性及其两侧人口集疏模式差异 [J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(4): 551-566.
[105]	Zheng X B, Luo Y X. Zhao T L, et al. Geographical and climatological characterization of aerosol distribution in China [J].
	Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(3): 265-272.
	郑小波, 罗宇翔, 赵天良, 等. 中国气溶胶分布的地理学和气候学特征 [J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(3): 265-272.
[106]	Zhao S Y, Feng T, Tie X X, et al. Air pollution zone migrates south driven by East Asian winter monsoon and climate change
[J]	Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48(10): e2021GL092672.
[107]	Dumka U C, Kaskaoutis D G, Devara P C S, et al. Year-long variability of the fossil fuel and wood burning black carbon
	components at a rural site in southern Delhi outskirts [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2019, 216: 11-25.
[108]	Zhang Q, Shen Z X, Ning Z, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of winter black carbon aerosols in two Chinese
	megacities of Xi′an and Hong Kong [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(33): 33783-33793.
[109]	Deng J J, Guo H, Zhang H L, et al. Source apportionment of black carbon aerosols from light absorption observation and
	source-oriented modeling: An implication in a coastal city in China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(22):
14	419-14435.
[110]	Pani S K, Wang S H, Lin N H, et al. Black carbon over an urban atmosphere in northern peninsular Southeast Asia: Characteristics, source apportionment, and associated health risks [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 259: 113871.
[111]	Shen L J, Wang H L, Kong X C, et al. Characterization of black carbon aerosol in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Seasonal
	variation and source apportionment [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2021, 12(1): 195-209.
[112]	Kant Y, Shaik D S, Mitra D, et al. Black carbon aerosol quantification over north-west Himalayas: Seasonal heterogeneity,
	source apportionment and radiative forcing [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 257: 113446.
[113]	Kaur P, Srinivasan P, Dhar P, et al. Study of spectral characteristics of black carbon from biomass burning and source apportionment over Agartala in the northeastern India [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27(14): 16584-16598.
[114]	Meena G S, Mukherjee S, Buchunde P, et al. Seasonal variability and source apportionment of black carbon over a rural
	high-altitude and an urban site in western India [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2021, 12(2): 32-45.
[115]	Bisht D S, Dumka U C, Kaskaoutis D G, et al. Carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants over Delhi urban environment: Temporal
	evolution, source apportionment and radiative forcing [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 521: 431-445.
[116]	Rajesh T A, Ramachandran S. Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon aerosols over an urban site [J].
	Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24(9): 8411-8424.
[117]	Barman N, Gokhale S. Urban black carbon-source apportionment, emissions and long-range transport over the Brahmaputra
	River Valley [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 693: 133577.
[118]	Wei C, Wang M H, Fu Q Y, et al. Temporal characteristics and potential sources of black carbon in megacity Shanghai, China
[J]	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2020, 125(9): e2019JD031827.
[119]	Mbengue S, Serfozo N, Schwarz J, et al. Characterization of equivalent black carbon at a regional background site in Central
	Europe: Variability and source apportionment [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 260: 113771.
[120]	Ramachandran S, Rajesh T A. Black carbon aerosol mass concentrations over Ahmedabad, an urban location in western
	India: Comparison with urban sites in Asia, Europe, Canada, and the United States [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:
	Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D6): D6211.
[121]	Zhang X R, Zhu Z J, Cao F Y, et al. Source apportionment of absorption enhancement of black carbon in different environments
	of China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 755: 142685.
[122]	Liu D, Joshi R, Wang J, et al. Contrasting physical properties of black carbon in urban Beijing between winter and summer
[J]	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(10): 6749-6769.
[123]	Penner J E, Eddleman H, Novakov T. Towards the development of a global inventory for black carbon emissions [J]. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 1993, 27(8): 1277-1295.
[124]	Tang L L, Zhu Y, Niu S J, et al. Observation of black carbon in fine particulate matter in the north suburb of Nanjing [J]. Acta
	Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2011, 31(4): 709-716.
	汤莉莉, 祝愿, 牛生杰, 等. 南京北郊大气细粒子中黑碳气溶胶的观测研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2011, 31(4): 709-716.
[125]	Yu P, Froyd K D, Portmann R W, et al. Efficient in-cloud removal of aerosols by deep convection [J]. Geophysical Research
	Letters, 2019, 46(2): 1061-1069.
[126]	Sharma S, Brook J R, Cachier H, et al. Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of
	Canada [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2002, 107(D24): 4771.
[127]	Raupach M R, Finnigan J J. Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: Surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain
[J]	Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(5/6): 589-612.
[128]	Xu J, Bergin M H, Yu X, et al. Measurement of aerosol chemical, physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region
	of China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(2): 161-173.
[129]	Xu J, Bergin M H, Greenwald R, et al. Aerosol chemical, physical, and radiative characteristics near a desert source region of
	northwest China during ACE-Asia [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D19): D19S03.
[130]	Li C, Marufu L T, Dickerson R R, et al. In situ measurements of trace gases and aerosol optical properties at a rural site in
	northern China during east Asian study of tropospheric aerosols: An International regional experiment 2005 [J]. Journal of
	Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D22): D22S04.
[131]	Wu Y F, Zhang R J, Pu Y, et al. Aerosol optical properties observed at a semi-arid rural site in northeastern China [J]. Aerosol
	and Air Quality Research, 2012, 12(4): 503-514.
[132]	Wang J, Virkkula A, Gao Y, et al. Observations of aerosol optical properties at a coastal site in Hong Kong, South China [J].
	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 17(4): 2653-2671.
[133]	Sun J, Xie C, Xu W, et al. Light absorption of black carbon and brown carbon in winter in North China Plain: Comparisons
	between urban and rural sites [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 770: 144821.
[134]	Wang H B, Shi G M, Tian M, et al. Aerosol optical properties and chemical composition apportionment in Sichuan Basin,
	China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 577: 245-257.
[135]	Nakayama T, Ikeda Y, Sawada Y, et al. Properties of light-absorbing aerosols in the Nagoya urban area, Japan, in August 2011
	and January 2012: Contributions of brown carbon and lensing effect [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2014,
11	9(22): 12721-12739.
[136]	Xu J, Tao J, Zhang R, et al. Measurements of surface aerosol optical properties in winter of Shanghai [J]. Atmospheric
	Research, 2012, 109/110: 25-35.
[137]	Gong W, Zhang M, Han G, et al. An investigation of aerosol scattering and absorption properties in Wuhan, Central China [J].
	Atmosphere, 2015, 6(4): 503-520.
[138]	Andreae M O, Schmid O, Yang H, et al. Optical properties and chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol in urban
	Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(25): 6335-6350.
[139]	Wang X, Pu W, Shi J, et al. A comparison of the physical and optical properties of anthropogenic air pollutants and mineral
	dust over Northwest China [J]. Journal of Meteorological Research, 2015, 29(2): 180-200.
[140]	Yan P, Tang J, Huang J, et al. The measurement of aerosol optical properties at a rural site in Northern China [J]. Atmospheric
	Chemistry and Physics, 2008, 8(8): 2229-2242.
[141]	Flowers B A, Dubey M K, Mazzoleni C, et al. Optical-chemical-microphysical relationships and closure studies for mixed
	carbonaceous aerosols observed at Jeju Island; 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer, particle sizing, and filter analysis [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(21): 10387-10398.
[142]	Huang C C, Ma Y, Zheng J. Aerosol optical properties and enhancement of black carbon light absorption in Nanjing during
	winter [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(7): 3057-3066.
	黄聪聪, 马嫣, 郑军. 南京冬季气溶胶光学特性及黑碳光吸收增强效应 [J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(7): 3057-3066.
[143]	Deng J J, Zhang Y R, Hong Y W, et al. Optical properties of PM2:5 and the impacts of chemical compositions in the coastal
	city Xiamen in China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 557/558: 665-675.
[144]	Ma N, Zhao C S, Nowak A, et al. Aerosol optical properties in the North China Plain during HaChi campaign: An in-situ
	optical closure study [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(12): 5959-5973.
[145]	Cheng Y F, Wiedensohler A, Eichler H, et al. Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in
	Pearl River Delta of China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(25): 6351-6372.
[146]	Sun T L, He L Y, Huang X F, et al. Characteristics of the size distribution and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in Shenzhen
	in winter [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(21): 1703-1710.
	孙天乐, 何凌燕, 黄晓锋, 等. 深圳市冬季黑碳气溶胶的粒径分布和混合态特征 [J]. 科学通报, 2011, 56(21): 1703-1710.
[147]	Ueda S, Nakayama T, Taketani F, et al. Light absorption and morphological properties of soot-containing aerosols observed at
	an East Asian outflow site, Noto Peninsula, Japan [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(4): 2525-2541.
[148]	Moteki N, Kondo Y, Miyazaki Y, et al. Evolution of mixing state of black carbon particles: Aircraft measurements over the
	western Pacific in March 2004 [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34(11): L11803.
[149]	Liu D, Allan J, Whitehead J, et al. Ambient black carbon particle hygroscopic properties controlled by mixing state and
	composition [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(4): 2015-2029.
[150]	Xie C H, Xu W Q, Wang J F, et al. Light absorption enhancement of black carbon in urban Beijing in summer [J]. Atmospheric
	Environment, 2019, 213: 499-504.