Research Progress of On-Line Monitoring Technology for
Ultrafine Particulate Matter Emitted by Motor Vehicles

	#br#

Abstract

Abstract: Ultra-fine particles emitted by motor vehicles which have high number concentration and surface area, are one of the main sources of air pollution, . Accurate on-line monitoring is of significance for vehicle emission assessment and control measures. With the addition of particle number (PN) control index in vehicle emission standards in EU and China, the requirements of on-line monitoring technology are also increasing. At present, diffusion charging method and condensation nuclear particle count method are mainly used to measure the number of ultra-fine particles emitted by motor vehicles, and aerodynamics and electro-migration classification methods are mainly used to measure the particle size distribution. The research status of on-line monitoring technology of ultra-fine particles emitted by motor vehicles at home and abroad is summarized, the principle, characteristics and application status of several main developed measurement technologies and instruments are mainly introduced, and the future development of the technologies is prospected.

Key words: motor vehicles, ultrafine particles, on-line measurement, number concentration, particle size spectrum

CLC Number:

X513
X831

KANG Shipeng, YU Tongzhu, ∗, GUI Huaqiao, ∗, YUAN Yongxing, . Research Progress of On-Line Monitoring Technology for Ultrafine Particulate Matter Emitted by Motor Vehicles #br# [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2020, 15(6): 413-428.

References 56

[1]	Chen Z H, Wu Y F, Wang P L, et al. Autophagy is essential for ultrafine particle-induced inflammation and mucus hyperproduction in airway epithelium [J]. Autophagy, 2016, 12(2): 297-311.
[2]	Fan J W, Rosenfeld D, Zhang Y W, et al. Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles
[J]	Science, 2018, 359(6374): 411-418.
[3]	Wu Z J, Hu M, Liu S, et al. New particle formation in Beijing, China: Statistical analysis of a1-year data set [J]. Journal of
	Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D9): D09209.
[4]	GB17691-2018. Stage 6 Limits and measurement methods for emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles [S]. Beijing: China
	Standard Press, 2018 (in Chinese).
	GB17691-2018. 重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法 (中国第六阶段) [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.
[5]	GB18352.6-2016. Stage 6 Limits and measurement methods for emissions from light-duty vehicles [S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2016 (in Chinese).
	GB17691-2018. 轻型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法 (中国第六阶段) [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016.
[6]	Fierz M, Burtscher H, Steigmeier P, et al. Field measurement of particle size and number concentration with the diffusion size
	classifier (Disc) [C]// SAE 2008 World Congress, 2008.
[7]	Fierz M, Weimer S, Burtscher H. Design and performance of an optimized electrical diffusion battery [J]. Journal of Aerosol
	Science, 2009, 40(2): 152-163.
[8]	Fierz M, Houle C, Steigmeier P, et al. Design, calibration, and field performance of a miniature diffusion size classifier [J].
	Aerosol Science & Technology, 2011, 45(1): 1-10.
[9]	Rostedt A, Marjamaki M, Yli-Ojanper ¨ a J, ¨ et al. Non-collecting electrical sensor for particle concentration measurement [J].
	Aerosol & Air Quality Research, 2009, 9(4): 470-477.
[10]	Rostedt A, Arffman A, Janka K, et al. Characterization and response model of the PPS-M aerosol sensor [J]. Aerosol Science
	& Technology, 2014, 48(10): 1022-1130.
[11]	Keskinen J, Marjamaki M, Virtanen A, ¨ et al. Electrical calibration method for cascade impactors [J]. Journal of Aerosol
	Science, 1999, 30(1): 111-116.
[12]	Jarvinen A, Aitomaa M, Rostedt A, ¨ et al. Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+) [J]. Journal of
	Aerosol Science, 2014, 69: 150-159.
[13]	Wang X L, Grose M A, Caldow R, et al. Improvement of engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) size distribution measurement-II.
	engine exhaust particles [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2016, 92: 83-94.
[14]	Han H S, Chen D R, Pui D Y H, et al. A nanometer aerosol size analyzer (nASA) for rapid measurement of high-concentration
	size distributions [J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2000, 2(1): 43-52.
[15]	Lanki T, Taimisto P, Tikkanen J, et al. An electrical sensor for long-term monitoring of ultrafine particles in workplaces [J].
	Journal of Physics, 2011, 304(1): 012013.
[16]	Yang Yixin. Electronic Design and Experimental Study of Diffusion Charge Based Motor Vehicle Emission Particles Number
	Concentration Measurement System [D]. Hefei: Dissertation for Doctor’s Degree of University of Science and Technology of
	China, 2019 (in Chinese).
	杨义新. 基于扩散荷电法的机动车排放颗粒物数浓度测量系统电子学设计与实验研究 [D]. 合肥：中国科学技术大学
	博士论文, 2019.
[17]	Kulmala M, Riipnen I, Sipila M, ¨ et al. Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation [J]. Science, 2007, 318(5847):
89	-93.
[18]	Johnson T, Caldow R, Pocher A, ¨ et al. A new electrical mobility particle sizer spectrometer for engine exhaust particle
	measurements [C]// 2004 SAE World Congress, 2004.
[19]	Keskinen J, Pietarinen K, Lehtimaki M. Electrical low pressure impactor [J]. ¨ Journal of Aerosol Science, 1992, 23(4): 353-360.
[20]	Reavell K, Hands T, Collings N. A fast response particulate spectrometer for combustion aerosols [J]. SAE Transactions, 2002,
11	1: 1338-1344.
[21]	Liu B Y H, Whitby K T, Yu H H S. Diffusion charging of aerosol particles at low pressures [J]. Journal of Applied Physics,
19	67, 38(4): 1592– 1597.
[22]	Stavros A, Matti M M, Leonidas N, et al. Measuring number, mass, and size of exhaust particles with diffusion chargers: The
	dual pegasor particle sensor [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2016, 92: 1-15.
[23]	Leonidas N, Zissis S, Panayotis P, et al. Statistical analysis of diesel fuel effect on particle number and mass emissions [J].
	Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34(24): 5106-5114.
[24]	Leonidas N, Stavros A, Zissis S, et al. Application of the Pegasor particle sensor for the measurement of mass and particle
	number emissions [J]. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 2013, 6(2): 521-531.
[25]	Kwon J W, Kim M S, Chung M C, et al. Comparison of nano-particle emission characteristics in CI engine with various
	biodiesel blending rates by using PPS System [J]. Journal of ILASS-Korea, 2012, 17(2): 134-139.
[26]	Stavros A, Matti M M, Leonidas N, et al. Application of the dual Pegasor particle sensor to real-time measurement of motor
	vehicle exhaust PM [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2017, 103: 93-104.
[27]	Zhang Q, Wu L, Yang Z, et al. Characteristics of gaseous and particulate pollutants exhaust from logistics transportation
	vehicle on real-world conditions [J]. Transportation Research Part D, 2016, 43: 40-48.
[28]	Shao S S, Cheng J N, Zhang B, et al. Effects of a DOC+DPF system on emission characteristics of China Π engineering
	vehicle diesel engine and influence factors of trapping efficiency of PM for DOC+DPF system [J]. Energy Sources, Part A:
	Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019, 41(5): 527-541.
[29]	Yu Q S, Tan J W, Ge Y S, et al. Application of diesel particulate filter on in-use on-road vehicles [C]// 8th International
	Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2016), 2016.
[30]	Xiang L, Zhang Z. Experimental investigation of particulate matter emissions from a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled
	with waste cooking oil biodiesel [C]// Proceedings of the Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electrical Engineering (AMMEE
20	17), 2017.
[31]	Yang Y X, Yu T Z, Zhang J S. On the performance of an aerosol electrometer with enhanced detection limit [J]. Sensors (Basel,
	Switzerland), 2018, 18(11): 3889.
[32]	Yu T Z, Yang Y X, Liu J G. Design and evaluation of a unipolar aerosol particle charger with built-in electrostatic precipitator
[J]	Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2018, 46(3): 326-347.
[33]	Yang Y X, Yu T Z, Zhang J S. Design and evaluation of an aerosol electrometer with low noise and a wide dynamic range [J].
	Sensors, 2018, 18(5): 1614.
[34]	Wang Wenyu. Research on Key Technologies of On-line Measurement of Ultrafine Particle Number Concentration of Motor
	Vehicle Emission Based on Condensation Particle Counting [D]. Hefei: Dissertation for Doctor’s Degree of University of
	Science and Technology of China, 2020 (in Chinese).
	王文誉. 基于凝结粒子计数的机动车排放超细颗粒物数浓度在线测量关键技术研究 [D]. 合肥：中国科学技术大学博
	士论文, 2020.
[35]	Espy J P. The Philosophy of Storms [M]. California: BiblioBazaar, 2010.
[36]	Aitken, John. On improvements in the apparatus for counting the dust particles in the atmosphere [J]. Proceedings of the Royal
	Society of Edinburgh, 1890, 16: 135-172.
[37]	Agarwal, J K, Sem G J. Continuous flow, single-particle-counting condensation nucleus counter [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1980, 11(4): 343-357.
[38]	Wilson J C, Loewenstein M, Fahey D W, et al. Observations of condensation nuclei in the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment: Implications for new particle formation and polar stratospheric cloud formation [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:
	Atmospheres, 1989, 94(14): 16437-16448.
[39]	Riipinen I, Sipila M, Pet ¨ aj ¨ a T, ¨ et al. Detecting neutral particles below 3 nm: Calibration of UF-02 proto CPC and first results
	from Hyytial ¨ a [C] ¨ // Proceedings of BACCI, NECC and FCoE activities 2005, 2005.
[40]	Plauskaite K, Mordas G, Andriejauskiene J, ˙ et al. New condensation particle counter UF02 [J]. Lithuanian Journal of Physics
	& Technical Sciences 2006, 46(4): 489-496.
[41]	Giorgio M, Barouch G, Panagiota D. Future European emission standards for vehicles: the importance of the UN-ECE particle
	measurement programme [J]. Biomarkers 2011, 14(1): 29-33.
[42]	Kim J, Choi K, Myung C L, et al. Comparative investigation of regulated emissions and nano-particle characteristics of light
	duty vehicles using various fuels for the FTP-75 and the NEDC mode [J]. Fuel, 2013, 106: 335-343.
[43]	Fan Youyou, Jiang Jingkun, Zhang Qiang, et al. Number concentration and size distribution of particles emitted by light-duty
	gasoline vehicles [J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(10): 3743-3749 (in Chinese).
	樊筱筱, 蒋靖坤, 张强, 等. 轻型汽油车排放颗粒物数浓度和粒径分布特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(10): 3743-3749.
[44]	Moisio M. Real Time Size Distribution Measurement of Combustion Aerosols [D]. Tampere: Doctoral Dissertation of Tampere
	University of Technology, 1999.
[45]	Knutson E O, Whitby K T. Aerosol classification by electric mobility: Apparatus, theory, and applications [J]. Journal of
	Aerosol Science, 1975, 6(6): 443-451.
[46]	Khalek I A. Characterization of particle size distribution of a heavy-duty diesel engine during FTP transient cycle using ELPI
[R]	SAE Technical Paper, 2000.
[47]	Fan Youyou, Jiang Jingkun, Wu Ye, et al. Characteristics of particles emitted by a gasoline direct injection vehicle under
	different dilution conditions and measurement systems [J]. Proceedings of The Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering,
20	16, 36(16): 4452-4458 (in Chinese).
	樊筱筱, 蒋靖坤, 吴烨, 等. 不同稀释条件与测量技术下缸内直喷汽车排放颗粒物数浓度和粒径分布特征 [J]. 中国电机
	工程学报, 2016, 36(16): 4452-4458.
[48]	Huang Wenwei, Study on Hazard Waste Emissions Features of Diesel Commercial Vehicles in Hot and Humid Area [D].
	Beijing: Doctoral Dissertation of Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019 (in Chinese).
	黄文伟. 高温高湿地区柴油商用车有害物排放特性研究 [D]. 北京: 北京交通大学博士论文, 2019.[49] Zhou Xiaobo, Hu Qinghua, Yan Feng, et al. Experimental study on particle distribution of exhaust emission of heavy-duty
	diesel engine [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering, 2018, 34(13): 62-69 (in Chinese).
	周小波, 胡清华, 闫峰, 等. 重型柴油机颗粒物分布规律的试验研究 [J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(13): 62-69.
[50]	Zhuang Zhuyue, Zhao Yanyu, Fang Junhua, et al. Effects of injection strategy and operation parameters on particle emission
	of gasoline direct injection engine [J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2017, 51(7): 796-804 (in Chinese).
	庄祝跃, 赵延钰, 方俊华, 等. 喷射策略和运行工况对直喷汽油机微粒排放的影响 [J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2017, 51(7):
79	6-804.
[51]	Liu Shuangxi, Qin Kongjian, Ruan Xu, et al. An experimental study with ELPI on distribution of diesel engine exhaust particles
[C]	// Proceedings of the 13th annual meeting of fuel and lubricants branch of China Society of Automotive Engineering, 2008
	(in Chinese).
	刘双喜, 秦孔建, 阮旭, 等. 利用 ELPI 测量柴油机颗粒粒子分布的试验研究 [C]// 中国汽车工程学会燃料与润滑油分会
	第 13 届年会论文集, 2008.
[52]	Ovaska T, Niemi S, Sirvi K, et al. Exhaust particle size distributions of a non-road diesel engine in an endurance test [J].
	Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 150: 1168-1176.
[53]	Ovaska T, Niemi S, Sirvi K, et al. Effect of Alternative Liquid Fuels on the Exhaust Particle Size Distributions of a MediumSpeed Diesel Engine [J]. Energies, 2019, 12(11): 2050.
[54]	Kim W G, Kim C K, Lee J T, et al. Fine particle emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel vehicle according to vehicle
	acceleration and road grade [J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2017, 53: 428-439.
[55]	Distaso E, Amirante R, Tamburrano P, et al. Steady-state characterization of particle number emissions from a heavy-duty
	Euro VI engine fueled with compressed natural gas [J]. Energy Procedia, 2018, 148: 671-678.
[56]	Leach F C P, Stone R, Richardson D, et al. The effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions from a highly boosted GDI
	engine-an evaluation of three particulate indices [J]. Fuel, 2019, 252: 598-611.

Research Progress of On-Line Monitoring Technology for Ultrafine Particulate Matter Emitted by Motor Vehicles #br#

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References 56

Related Articles 4

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	. Rapid Measurement of Phytoplankton Community Structure by Discrete Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2020, 15(1): 62-71.
[2]	Dai Hai-ting, Liu Jian-guo, Lu Yi-huai, Wang Jie, Gui Hua-qiao, Wu De-xia . Characteristics of Aerosol Particle Size Distribution during Guangzhou Asian Games and Paralympic Games [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2012, 7(1): 24-30.
[3]	DAO Bo, HU Zhi-Yun, ZHANG Li-Rong, ZHANG Zhen-Rong, YE Xi-Sheng. On-Line Measurement of Combustion Temperature Based on Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Technology [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2010, 5(6): 438-444.
[4]	WANG Jie, LIU Jian-Guo, LIU Yi-Huai, WU De-Xia, HUANG Shu-Hua, GUI Hua-Qiao, DONG Yun-Sheng. Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Measurement in Beijing City During the Olympics [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics, 2009, 4(4): 290-299.